Introduction to operational amplifiers: The difference amplifier and the ideal operational amplifier models, concept of negative feedback and virtual short, Analysis of simple operational amplifier circuits, Frequency response of amplifiers, Bode plots. Feedback: Feedback topologies and analysis for discrete transistor amplifiers, stability of feedback circuits using Barkhausen criteria. Linear applications of operational amplifiers: Instrumentation and Isolation amplifiers, Current and voltage sources, Active filters. Non-linear applications of operational amplifiers: Comparators, clippers and clampers, Linearization amplifiers; Precision rectifiers, Logarithmic amplifiers, multifunction circuits and true rms convertors.

Waveform Generation: sinusoidal feedback oscillators, Relaxation oscillators, square-triangle oscillators
Real operational amplifiers: Current sources and active loads, difference, intermediate and output stages including Miller capacitors for frequency computation, Operational amplifier parameters; Effects of real operational amplifier parameters on circuit performance.
Analog and Digital interface circuits: A/D, D/A Converters, S/H circuits and multiplexers.